Natural processes water wind human activities overcropping overgrazing deforestation 4. Soil conservation is the practice of protecting the soil against erosion or deterioration. Some of the methods that must be adopted for conserving soil are as follows. Soil erosion is the detachment, transport and deposition of soil particles on land surface. Soil erosion has been an environmental concern in such countries as china and those bordering the mediterranean sea for millennia. Soil erosion in a maha season can be as high as 54 t ha1 from chena lands dharmasena, 1992a. However, when earthquakes occur, massive amounts of soil, including crops and forests are a. We developed a new framework for investigating the distribution of engineering measures by using highresolution remote sensing images at a large scale. Soil erosion and conservation provides a comprehensive treatment of the processes of soil erosion, the methods that can be used for their control, and the issues involved in designing and implementing soil conservation programmes.
Erosion prevention strategies should focus on barriers with low capital and labor investment e. Gully erosion is the most obvious form of erosion with the deep down cutting of the soil profile. Land degradation soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. Soil conservation an overview sciencedirect topics. Agricultural producers, as well as managers of nonagricultural lands, need to know what to expect in terms of soil erosion by wind and water re sulting from. Effects of soil conservation measures on soil erosion in. New material on gully erosion, tillage practices, erosion risk assessment, use of. Erosion processes and soilconservation technology 4. With the addition of a quarter of a million people each day, the world populations food demand is increasing at a. The universal soil loss equation usle is hailed as one of the most significant developments in soil and water conservation in the 20 thcentury.
Describe the effect of three kinds of erosioncontrol practices. Soil erosion and soil conservation linkedin slideshare. The book contains the papers that were presented on an international conference in hawai in january 1983, named mglama aina, which means preserve the earth. In cottoncultivated plots and sorghumpigeon pea intercropped plots without any soil conservation measures, the annual soil loss was 22. In the end,our answer to this question was an emphatic yes. Soil is the most fundamental and basic natural resource for all life to survive. Pdf the erosion plot method for direct evaluation in agriculture became necessary to 1 quantify soil erosion on cocoa, areca and oil palm, 2. Recently pun 1949 1954 analyzed the problems from different angles and suggested that soil should be kept wider tree vegetation in order to check erosional losses and landslides.
Runoff washes away the soil particles from sloping. Soil erosion mostly affects practically all kinds of lands such as the forest lands, agricultural lands, arid and semiarid lands, surface mines, roads, construction sites, coastal areas etc. Conservationists should be seriously concerned about the implications of climate changeas expressed by changes in precipitation patternsfor the conservation of soil. However, sheet erosion is the most insidious form of erosion. Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn r p c morgan longman, f17. Editor, australian journal of soil and water conservation. What is soil conservation and what are various ways to. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. There are a few types of earth change activities that do not require permits. Soil erosion is a natural process that contributes to the formation of fertile soils e.
Assessing soil erosion although soil erosion has been taking place very slowly in natural. Soil erosion and conservation environmental modelling. This handbook explains the causes, processes, and consequences of soil erosion and depletion, and describes the major soil and waterconservation measures which, when applied to the land in correct combinations, will greatly reduce or prevent soil erosion, improve fertility, and increase yields. Soil conservation practices and erosion control in india. It is the one resource that cannot be exhausted, that cannot be used up. Land degradation, soil erosion and soil conservation pmf ias. Pdf effectiveness of soil conservation to erosion control on. The prime example of an empirically based model is the universal soil loss equation usle, which was developed in the united states. Soil is created through a process of weathering, and simultaneously eroded, through natural processes. The magnitude and rate of soil erosion continue to increase despite considerable efforts made during the past three decades in conservation activities. The erosion of siwaliks has been studied by glover and hamilton 1935 and gorrie 1951 and various methods have been suggested for soil conservation. Soil erosion has been continuing over, such a large part of india. Soil conservation lab allow your students to experience soil conservation in a handson way.
Erosion models used in applications for conservation planning fall into two basic categories. Impact of physical soil and water conservation structure. Soil erosion, use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, unsustainable agricultural practices, excessive farming, water pollution and land pollution are some of the aspects upsetting the natural functions of the soil. Pdf about onesixth of the worlds land area, that is, about onethird of the land used for agriculture, has been affected by soil degradation in. The usle has been used in more than 100 countries to guide conservation planning, assess soil erosion for conservation policy development, and estimate sediment yield. Features of the third edition of this internationally recognised textbook include.
Restoration of eroded soil with conservation tillage pdf. It addresses the implications of soil erosion with emphasis on global hotspots and synthesizes available from developed and developing countries. Soil conservation and management in developing countries. Soil and water conservation swc measures are among the most important ways to control soil erosion in mountainous areas. Soil erosion and conservation in india geography and you. Soil degradation is a global environmental problem which started since the innovation of agriculture by human kind. In this lab activity students design, construct, and test soil conservation structures or practices in an effort to reduce soil erosion. The progress of soil conservation measures confirmed that the check. Pdf soil erosion and conservation download full pdf. The process of erosion usually takes place on the surface of soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the earths crust and with the help of the wind or water flow, it gets to settle down at another location. Terrace farming is one way to do so and involves cutting terraces along a slope. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice glaciers, snow, air wind, plants, animals, and humans. Soil erosion and soil conservation slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion.
It encompasses physical soil erosion, chemical salinity and alkalinity, pollution and biological deterioration pollution and. Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to the sustainability and productive capacity of agriculture. Water and wind erosion are two main agents that degrade soils. The prevention of soil erosion is called soil conservation and the ways can be. Traditional forms of land use in rolation to soil erosion. Accelerated soil erosion is a significant threat to soil quality and impacts agriculture, infrastructure, and the environment.
Concept of use erosion, whether caused by wind or water, accounts for the loss of tons of soil every year. Erosion is a natural process that occurs inevitably and continuously. T value tolerable erosion equilibrium between soil gains and losses. Prevention of soil erosion is also called conservation of soil.
However, little is known about the application of swc measures on soil erosion over large areas. These terraces reduce the speed of water flowing down the slope and help in soil conservation. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil degradation. The soil conservation research project estimate an average soil loss of 42thayear on cultivated land and maximum of 300400thayear in highly erodible and intensively serial cultivated field 1. It has helped to save millions of tons of soil, thus helping to the feed the worlds population, and to protect the environment from sediment produced by soil erosion. In accordance with these agents, erosion is sometimes divided into water erosion, glacial. Conservation compliance 11 cc mandates that, in order to receive federal subsidies, farmers who plant annual crops on 12 hel must implement a conservation plan, with practices such as rotating crops and notill farming. The permitting process for erosion control in delta county is done by the delta conservation district, 6822 us highway 2 41 m35, gladstone, mi, 48937. Pdf soil erosion and conservation in global agriculture. Thus, whenever trees are cut down new trees should be planted. Soil erosion is the process that erodes, breaks or gradually diminishes things down.
Solved examples with detailed answer description, explanation are given and it would be easy to understand. Soil erosion is an important contributor to the normal soil formation process, but erosion becomes problematic when it is accelerated. Soil erosion is the removal of soil material, generally from the surface, by water striking raindrops and downslope runoff or by wind deflation of loose particles and their transport as dust. Notes on soil erosion and conservation cbse class 10. Erosion and conservation the soil is the one indestructible, immutable asset that the nation possesses. There is a clear need for continued investment in soil conservation, particularly for hillside soils and areas where mechanized tillage has become more common. The soil erosion can be prevented by the following ways. A case study in the denku microwatershed oromia region by kassu kebede beyene submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of masters in human ecology at the university of south africa supervisor.
A guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation rusle author. Excessive soil erosion in india combined with consequent high rate of sedimentation in reservoirs and decreased soil fertility has led to grave environmental problems. During the last 40 years, nearly onethird of the worlds arable land has been lost by erosion and continues to be lost at a rate of more than 10 million hectares per year. This act established catchment boards and enabled the appropriation of government and local body funds to assist with the construction of erosion control measures and. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and. Principles of soil conservation and management request pdf. Mechanical or engineering soilconservation measures 4. Soil conservation practices control wind or water erosion by limiting soil particle detachment and transportation.
100 1074 772 446 1487 629 386 1487 646 15 138 718 283 1159 1017 734 566 256 693 989 805 1456 1153 1477 1348 691 9 1017 1210